THE 1920s | RURAL SOUTHERN UNITED STATES - Hillbilly Music is considered the first formal term for Country Music, coined by record producers as a label for Southern music. These songs drew on traditional tunes of folk, ballads and hymns passed down through generations and incorporated the fiddle and banjo as the main instruments.

The first stars include Jimmie Rodgers and The Carter Family, whose songs were first captured on August 1, 1927, in the historical Bristol, Tennessee, recording session.

LISTEN TO EARLY COUNTRY

The Carter Family

Jimmie Rodgers

Charlie Poole

DEVELOPED IN THE 1930s | APPALACHIAN REGION - Bill Monroe described Bluegrass as, "Scottish bagpipes and ole-time fiddlin'. It's Methodist and Holiness and Baptist. It's blues and jazz, and it has a high lonesome sound.”

Bluegrass is derived from a mix of cultures in the Appalachian region of the United States. The English and Scottish settlers brought jigs, reels, and fiddles, while Black musicians of the area introduced the banjo. The sound developed and reached audiences through the radio.

Bill Monroe is considered the father of Bluegrass and his sound helped popularize the genre and grow the Grand Ole Opry. His statue stands outside the Ryman Auditorium in Downtown Nashville.

 

LISTEN TO BLUEGRASS

Bill Monroe & His Blue Grass Boys

Flatt & Scruggs

Marty Stuart

DEVELOPED IN THE 1930 – 40s | ACROSS THE UNITED STATES - With the decline of record sales during the Great Depression, radio became a popular source of free entertainment. “Barn Dance” shows like WSM’s Grand Ole Opry were born featuring musicians like DeFord Bailey and Roy Acuff.

Western songs gained popularity from singing cowboys like Hollywood film stars Gene Autry and Roy Rogers – troubadours that romanticized the Wild West and the cowboy lifestyle.

Bob Wills introduced drums to the genre with his band the Texas Playboys. Texas Swing was born as a mix of the horn – driven Big Band music and jazz from New Orleans.

HEAR THE SINGING COWBOYS

Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys

Gene Autry

Marty Robbins

DEVELOPED IN THE 1940s | SOUTHERN UNITED STATES - This subset of country is perhaps the genre's most popular and well-known sound. Derived from the name of rowdy bars known as "honky tonks" – this music was designed to cut through a loud and boisterous crowd with the band's steel guitar and the singer's piercing vocals.

Ernest Tubb was perhaps the genre's pioneer – he was the first country music artist to bring a steel guitar to the stage of the Grand Ole Opry. But Hank Williams claimed his stake as the "Hillbilly Shakespeare" with his well-known songs. Honky-Tonk remains a definitive sound of country music today.

HEAR THE HONKY-TONK SOUND

Hank Williams

Ernest Tubb

Loretta Lynn

THE 1950s | MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE - Elvis Presley's storied career began when he fused rhythm and blues with a country and western sound - creating Rockabilly. The genre's distinct sound includes twangy guitars and a slapping bass-line. The sound was truly developed by Sun Records in Memphis - the label that also birthed Johnny Cash. Rockabilly branched out from the South and helped popularize rock music for the white audience.

LISTEN TO ROCKABILLY

Elvis Presley

Wanda Jackson

Carl Perkins

DEVELOPED IN THE 1950s | NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE - The Nashville Sound was a response to the growing popularity of rock music. A change from the honky-tonk sound to a smoother more refined approach took place, changing how country music was produced and heard. Chet Atkins and Owen Bradley pioneered the shift in their Music Row studios. Gone was the twang, replaced with smooth strings and vocals, creating the Nashville Sound.

HEAR THE NASHVILLE SOUND

Patsy Cline

Brenda Lee

Jim Reeves

DEVELOPED IN THE 1950s | BAKERSFIELD, CALIFORNIA - The Bakersfield Sound was a stark reaction to the smooth tone of the Nashville Sound. The music coming out of Bakersfield carried a rock influence and a distinct honky-tonk sound, accented with a driving back beat and electric guitars.

Buck Owens & The Buckaroos are a perfect example of the genre. Owens took the production of his sound to extraordinary heights, playing back his recordings on car stereo speakers to make sure the music sounded good on his audience’s AM radios.

HEAR THE BAKERSFIELD SOUND

Buck Owens & The Buckaroos

Merle Haggard & The Strangers

Jean Shepard

1960s – 70s - Countrypolitan comes on the heals of The Nashville Sound. With the rising popularity of the Bakersfield Sound and the British Invasion, records coming out of Nashville began to develop an even smoother sound with more strings, some background vocals even featured choirs. The new sound appealed to a broader audience.

Charley Pride's tracks during this time period are a great example of the genre. His song, "Is Anybody Goin' to San Antone" opens with smooth up-tempo strings, the verse and chorus of the song are backed by melodic vocals. The lyrics are traditional country.

LISTEN TO THE COUNTRYPOLITAN SOUND

Charley Pride

George Jones

Conway Twitty

1970s - Like The Nashville Sound and Countrypolitan, Country Pop was created to appeal to a larger audience beyond traditional country music. It's origin, however, started with the success of pop artists on the Country charts. Pop music began creeping into the country world, not without backlash. When John Denver, considered a pop artist, was presented with the Country Music Association Award for entertainer of the year in 1975, Charlie Rich read Denver's name from an envelope while simultaneously lighting it on fire.

But, the approach to a sound that appealed to both pop and country fans was too big to ignore. Dolly Parton, an established country star, took advantage of the sound, and branched out into the genre. Many artists found considerable success branching out from traditional country sound.

LISTEN TO COUNTRY POP

Dolly Parton | Kenny Rogers

Johnny Lee

Alabama

LATE 1960s – 1980s - The Outlaw Movement came about as a response to the smooth- sounding country music coming out of Nashville. Artists like Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson felt their direction as artists was essentially stifled by Nashville. They gained the ability to produce their own sound, added more of a rock undertone, and returned to more of a stripped-down country sound.

HEAR THE OUTLAWS OF COUNTRY

Waylon Jennings

Johnny Cash

David Allen Coe

1960s – Present - An umbrella term that encompasses artists who aren't necessarily country, but have certainly dabbled in the sound and have done considerable things for country music. Bob Dylan for instance, recorded Nashville Skyline in Nashville, using Nashville studio musicians. He recorded with Johnny Cash, and was featured on his variety show.

Emmylou Harris and similar artists adopt the sounds and mood of traditional country music, and bring the sound to a wider audience, but remain respected in the country music family. Emmylou Harris and The Nash Ramblers took considerable steps to save the Ryman Auditorium from destruction by recording a live album in the decaying building in 1992. 

 

LISTEN TO AMERICANA

Emmylou Harris

Rhiannon Giddens

Bob Dylan | Johnny Cash

1980s – Present - Neotraditional can define country music today. These artists find their tone and influence from some of the sub-genres mentioned above in order to create entirely new works of art. Some artists incorporate a bluegrass sound, others may incorporate more of a honky-tonk sound.

Neotraditional is like the Outlaw Movement in the sense that it is an attempt to get back to the roots of country — but these artists can have considerable crossover success and appeal to a wider audience.

LISTEN TO NEOTRADITIONAL COUNTRY

Kathy Mattea

Brooks & Dunn

Midland